Career Overview

In general, accountants prepare budget analyses, perform financial projections and assist new companies to prepare financial statements as part of annual reports or business plans.

The specific job duties of accountants vary among the four primary areas of specialization: public accounting, management accounting, government-based accounting, and auditing.  Public accounting is the area where most accountants work and their two primary responsibilities are the preparation of financial statements and tax forms, along with internal auditing. Public accountants may specialize in the area of tax accounting and advise both company and private clients regarding the tax implications of various financial decisions. Other public accountants focus on internal auditing of companies and provide quality assurance to ensure the accuracy of financial records and that the firm adheres to all government regulations. Most public accountants are Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) and work for a public accounting firm of operate their own business.

For those of you who enjoy CSI, a particularly interesting specialty is that of forensic accountant which combines knowledge of accounting with investigative techniques. Forensic accountants investigate possible instances financial malfeasance by senior executives and management ofcorporations. This malfeasance is often referred to as “white-collar crime” and includes fraud, embezzlement, bankruptcy and money laundering (hiding money gained from illegal activity). Forensic accountants collaborate with law enforcement personnel and often provide testimony at ensuing trials. Forensic accounting has become a growing specialty in light of the financial fiasco of some major companies in recent years.

Management accountants review and analyze the financial statements of private firms and also perform budget analyses, cost estimates of projects, and asset management.

Government accountants perform many of the same tasks as management accounts only within government agencies. Those who work with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) also audit the tax returns of both corporations and private individuals.

Internal auditors provide internal quality control by ensuring the accuracy of all financial records and correct instances of financial mismanagement.

Most accountants in all specialties work with financial software in preparing all types of financial reports so proficiency with computers is important for those wishing to enter this field. .

Career Outlook

As per the State of Florida Agency for Workforce Innovation, the anticipated yearly rate of growth for accountants in all areas is 2.6 percent through the year 2018.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the reasons for this growth are many and varied as shown below in the statement from the BLS:

This occupation will have a very large number of new jobs arise, about 279,400 over the projections decade. An increase in the number of businesses, changing financial laws and corporate governance regulations, and increased accountability for protecting an organization’s stakeholders will drive job growth.

As the economy grows, the number of business establishments will increase, requiring more accountants and auditors to set up books, prepare taxes, and provide management advice. As these businesses grow, the volume and complexity of information reviewed by accountants and auditors regarding costs, expenditures, taxes, and internal controls will expand as well. The continued globalization of business also will lead to more demand for accounting expertise and services related to international trade and accounting rules and international mergers and acquisitions. Additionally, there is a growing movement towards International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which uses a judgment-based system to determine the fair-market value of assets and liabilities, which should increase demand for accountants and auditors because of their specialized expertise.

An increased need for accountants and auditors also will arise from a greater emphasis on accountability, transparency, and controls in financial reporting. Increased scrutiny of company finances and accounting procedures will create opportunities for accountants and auditors, particularly CPAs, to audit financial records more thoroughly and completely. Management accountants and internal auditors increasingly will be needed to discover and eliminate fraud before audits, and ensure that important processes and procedures are documented accurately and thoroughly.

Source: http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos001.htm

For those with mathematical proclivity, a career as an accountant certainly offers tremendous opportunity for career advancement with highly attractive salaries.

Large employers in the state include the public accounting firm of Crowe Horwath, LLC located in Fort Lauderdale, as well as JP Morgan Chase and the “Big Four” international CPA firms KPMG, Ernst and Young, all with offices in the Tampa area. Other major employers include Fidelity National Bank in Jacksonville, corporate office of Office Depot in Boca Raton, and financial advisor Edward Jones, in Orlando.

Education/Training

In Florida as in all other states, all accountants, regardless of specialty, will need to possess a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in accounting or finance from an accredited college or university. In today’s ever increasing competitive job market, many employers prefer to hire candidates with a master’s degree in business administration (MBA) with a concentration in accounting or finance. A master’s degree is also the preferred credential to become a forensic accountant

Coursework in most bachelor-level programs will include basic accounting, management accounting, business law, economics, financial statement analysis, marketing, management, and statistics. It may be possible to transfer some of these courses from an associate’s program thus reducing the time needed to obtain the four year degree. Indeed, many people interested in becoming an accountant first obtain an associate’s so that they may gain some exposure to the field. Associate degree holders obtain such jobs as bookkeepers, accountants receivable or accounts payable clerks, and auditing clerks.

View a list of accounting programs in Florida >>

Certification and Licensure

Many public accountants seek to become Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) to enhance their advancement opportunities and earnings. The CPA credential is also REQIRED FOR those accountants who pare reports for the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

The Florida Board of Accountancy is responsible for licensing all CPAs in the state in accordance with the standards set by the Uniform Accountancy Act. These standards include the requirement that applicants possess a minimum of a bachelor’s degree with a total of 150 semester hours of college credit, a year of experience, and passing scores on the Uniform CPA Exam.

As per the FBA, the required 150 hours includes the following coursework (applicable to all states):

• 36 semester hours or 54 quarter hours in such accounting specific courses as Taxation, Information Systems, Auditing, Financial, Cost and Managerial Accounting.
• 39 semester hours or 58 quarter hours in general business courses including 6 semester hours or 8 quarter hours in business law. One of these courses may be completed during your freshman or sophomore year but the second must be an upper division course.
• 12 semester hours or 18 quarter hours of upper division accounting coursework and 15 semester or 22 quarter hours of upper division general business courses.
• A maximum of 9 semester hours or 13 quarter hours of computer courses and 6 upper division semester hours or 8 quarter hours of statistics courses can apply toward the general business course requirement.
• A maximum of 3 semester or 4 quarter internship hours can be applied to the 36 semester hour requirement for accounting courses. Other internship hours may be applied to the general business hour requirement.

Additional certifications

The Institute of Management Accountants confers the designation Certified Management Accountant (CMA) to those candidates who hold a bachelor’s degree with a satisfactory score on the Graduate Record Admission Test (GMAT). Applicants for certification must have minimum of two years’ experience in management accounting and pass a four- part exam. The exam will include such topics as financial statement analysis, working-capital policy, capital structure, valuation issues, and risk management.

The Institute of Internal Auditors confers the Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) designation to candidates who have graduated from a four year institution and possess at least two years’ with satisfactory score on a four-part exam.

Salary Information

As per the Florida Institute of Certified Public Accountants salaries of accountants in the state vary from location to the next among different job titles. For example, a tax accountant working in the state earns a median average annual salary of $74,500 but it is possible that this person earns up to $81,950 in Miami and $75,245 in Orlando. The median salary for an IT auditor in Florida is $91,000. However, IT auditors employed in the Jacksonville area earn a median salary of $86,450, while those employed in the Miami area earn a median salary of $100,100. Salaries of accounting executives also vary among different areas of the state. A Director of Finance in Melbourne earns a median salary of $133,715, while an accountant holding the same job title in Orlando earns $143,672. A Chief Financial Officer (CFO) working in St. Petersburg earns a median salary of $173,137 annually, while a CFO in the Miami area earn a median salary of $200,475. In contrast, an entry level accountant Miami earns a median salary of $42,829 while this same candidate would earn a median salary of 40,754 in Orlando (figures as per Salary.com January 2012).

View a list of accounting programs in Florida >>

LPN Job Description

Licensed practical nurses provide care for patients under the direct supervision of RNs and doctors.

Key Responsibilities include:

• Take patient medical histories and share with RNs and doctors who then plan a course of treatment.
• Monitor patient vital signs such as blood pressure, heath rate, temperature, and measure height and weight.
• Dispense prescribed medications, start and keep track of intravenous fluids for blockages and monitor patients on breathing equipment such as ventilators.
• Watch patients for any negative side effects of medications of treatments and repot to RNs or doctors. Dress wounds and remove sutures.
• Monitor and record patient food and liquid intake
• Assist patients with bathing, dressing, grooming, personal hygiene, walking, and sitting.
• Assist RNs, doctors and technicians with medical examination and tests (e.g. X-rays, MRIs, etc.)
• Collect laboratory samples and perform basic laboratory tests such as taking blood.
• Educate patient and family members regarding preventative health care and medication management.
• LPNs with experience may also work as supervisors to junior LPNs, as well as CNAs and nursing aides.

The majority of LPNs work within hospitals, assisted living facilities, nursing homes, home health agencies, schools, as well as private and group practices. Licensed practical nurses employed within nursing facilities assist with patient evaluation, contribute to care plans and provide direct care to residents. In private doctor offices, LPNs schedule patient visits, set up the examining room and assist during examination and laboratory tests.

LPN Career Outlook

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , the anticipated growth rate of LPN is 22 percent through 2018. This is a much faster rate than is the case with most other career sectors. The demand can be attributed to the aging of the population with their increased need for health care services due to acute and chronic illness, as well as accidents.

Another contributing factor to the demand is the continuing advances in technology that enable health care providers to perform many procedures in their offices, thus making services available to a wider range of the population. Employment opportunities will be best in those facilities that cater to the elderly such as assisted living and nursing facilities, adult day programs, as well as home health care providers. However, hospitals will continue to be the major employer of LPNs.

LPN Education and Training

As per the Florida Board of Nursing, those wishing to work as an LPN in the state will need to complete a one year accredited program in practical nursing. The National League of Nursing Accreditation Commission (NLNAC) is the agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education as the official accreditation agency of LPN training programs. Accreditation provides verification that the school has met strict standards set by the Florida Board of Nursing in terms of curriculum, faculty, practicum experiences, and job placement.

LPN training programs may be found in hospitals, vocational schools, and community colleges. A high school diploma or General Equivalency Diploma (GED) is the minimum educational requirement for admission into LPN programs.

The curriculum of LPN programs combines classroom work with clinical practice. Coursework will include human anatomy and physiology, biochemistry , clinical pharmacology, nutrition, CPR and first aid,  as well as an overview of such practice areas as medical-surgical nursing, pediatrics, family medicine, obstetrics, and geriatrics. The clinical portion of training is conducted with all settings that routinely employ LPNs and candidates will be able to provide direct patient care under the supervision of RNs. Not so incidentally, the practicum is a great way to identify potential employment opportunities upon graduation.

View a list of nursing programs in Florida >

LPN Certification

Aside from graduating from an accredited program, LPN candidates will also be required to pass a national licensing examination for practical nurses (NCLEX-PN). As per the NCSBN, exam content covers four areas of LPN practice: “health promotion and maintenance, patient health and safety, physiological well- being, and psychosocial influences of illness.”

The NCLEX-PN Examination

The goal of the NCLEX-PN is to evaluate the skill set and knowledge of candidates to determine whether they meet minimum professional standards to work successfully in the field. Because the role LPNs focuses on direct care, the exam Is practical rather than theoretical in nature.

The NCLEX-PN is a computer-based multiple choice exam administered  by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCBSN) NLNAC that uses an interactive computer program called Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) to evaluate the candidate’s degree of competence in practical nursing.  Read more details regarding application procedures and testing centers.

Eligibility to take the NCLEX-PN

Before you may take the exam you will need to apply for an LPN license through the Florida State Board of Nursing. For information on application procedures view the comprehensive guide available.

Once you have been approved to take the NCLEX-PN examination  by your State Board of Nursing, it will then forward your name to the NCSBN who will send you the NCLEX-PN Examination Candidate Handbook and further instructions for test registration.

LPN Salary

The following table shows the median entry-level salaries for LPNs in various Florida cities. Figures as per salary.com January 21012.

View a list of nursing programs in Florida >

Radiologic technologists (commonly referred to as X-ray technicians) conduct such radiologic examinations as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), mammography, and computer-based tomography (CPT) to assist physicians in diagnosing medical conditions.

The typical duties of x-ray technicians include:

• Prepare and develop X-ray films (i.e. radiographs) of various areas of the patient’s body to assist physicians and other health care practitioners uncover the underlying causes of  medical conditions.
• Prepare patients for radiologic exams by explaining the procedure and answering questions, removing any items that X-rays won’t be able to pass through (e.g. jewelry)  and position patients on the table so that the appropriate area o the body is exposed.
• Ensure that patients are protected from overexposure to radiation by covering the exposed area of the body with lead shields and limiting the size of the X-ray beam to reduce intensity.
• Follow the instructions of the physician exactly and abide by all health and safety regulations with regard to protecting themselves and, their co-workers from overexposure.  This includes the use of gloves, masks, special glasses, and protective outerwear.
• Position the radiologic equipment to obtain the best angle and height with regard to the exposed area and adjust the controls to the correct intensity, contrast, and visual acuity.
• Create and store patient files.
• Clean and maintain radiologic equipment.

Radiologic technologists can also choose to specialize in a particular field:

• Computer tomography (CT).Create cross-sectional X-rays of the patient’s body from which a 3-dimensonal image is developed.  Because the CT uses ionizing radiation, safety precautions must be observed when operating this equipment.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).  Similar to CT scans, MRIs create cross-sectional three-dimensional images. In contrast to CT scans, MRIs use non-ionizing radiation to create images so there is no risk of overexposure.
• Mammography.   Uses low dose radiation X-rays to create images of patients’ breasts.

Career Outlook

As per the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the rate of growth for Radiologic Technologists is anticipated to be 17 percent through 2018, representing a faster rate than for most other occupations.

A primary factor contributing to the demand for radiologic technologists is the continuing aging of the population with their increased incidence of illness and injury that often necessitate diagnostic imaging procedures. The rise in demand also stems from the fact that radiologic examination is a preventative health measure that  provides early detection of illness. Early detection lowers the cost of medical treatment overall and is looked upon very favorably by most third party health insurance carriers. In addition to detection, radiologic imaging can also assist health care practitioners in monitoring the progress of treatment.

While hospitals will continue to be the primary employer of all radiologic technologists, advances in medical technology are resulting in much lower cost to obtain diagnostic equipment. As a result new employment opportunities will arise in private physician offices, as well as diagnostic imaging centers.

Education and training

Training programs are available in private vocational schools, community colleges, and four-year colleges. An associate’s degree is the most common path for those who wish to enter this field. The Joint Commission on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) accredits over one thousand x-ray technician programs across the nation.

Coursework in all programs includes anatomy and physiology, clinical pathology, radiobiology, radiation physics, principles and practices of diagnostic imaging, health and safety practices when working with radiation, medical terminology, patient ethics, psychology, and patient care.

View a list of x-ray technician programs in Florida >>

Licensure and Certification

Federal regulations protect the public from overexposure to radiation by mandating that radiologic technologists receive proper training. However, it is up to each state individually to determine what, if any, licensing requirements are necessary to work as radiologic technologists in that state.  Currently 36 states, including Florida, use the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)-administered exams for state licensing.

For specific information regarding certification, visit the Florida Board of Health Information page for Radiologic Technicians.

AART Certification

The ARRT offers certification for radiologic technologists. To be eligible for certification in Florida candidates must have graduated from a JRCERT-approved program within the past 5 years and pass a certification examination. Upon meeting both requirements you will be granted the Registered Technologist (RT) credential.

For complete information regarding eligibility requirements in terms of education and work experience, as well as application procedures and exam fees, visit https://www.arrt.org/Certification and https://www.arrt.org/Examination/.

Continuing education

Registered technologists will be required to participate in continuing education every two years to retain the RT credential. This requirement may be satisfied in one of two ways: accrual of 24 hours in continuing education coursework within AART-approved programs or by passing an exam in a related area such as ultrasound sonography, nuclear medicine, or radiation therapy.

Further details regarding the continuing education requirement may be found at https://www.arrt.org/pdfs/Governing-Documents/Continuing-Education-Requirements.pdf.

Salary of Radiologic Technologists

The following shows the median entry level salaries of Radiologic Technologists in select Florida cities. Figures as per Salary.com December 2011.

View a list of x-ray technician programs in Florida >>

Career Overview

Medical coding is a surprisingly complicated procedure. It requires broad medical knowledge that encompasses various forms of treatment, diseases and thousands of different medical codes.  Insurance companies use these codes in their investigations and the payment of any associated costs.  As per the American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC), medical coders need to be familiar with different types of insurance plans, regulations, compliance, and the coding community’s three critical resource books: CPT®, HCPCS Level II and ICD-9-CM along with their corresponding codes and guidelines.

The job of the medical billing specialist is also an important one. When a person receives any treatment, the physician, clinic or hospital responsible needs to get paid. The medical biller collects the relevant information, produces a bill and forwards it to the appropriate person or organization. They are also responsible for maintaining billing records and following up on any queries.

Typical steps of the medical billing process include:

1. The medical biller inputs all pertinent patient  information into a database.
2. The medical coder assigns an appropriate code for the procedure based on the classification system used by insurance carriers.
3. Once a specific code has been assigned by the medical coder, an insurance claim form can then be completed by the medical biller and submitted to the insurance provider.
4. The claim form is then reviewed by a claim’s processor and either approved or denied.
5. If the insurance claim is approved, the insurance company will reimburse the healthcare provider as per the rates set for the specific code that has been assigned.
6. If the claim has been denied by the insurance company, the medical biller must determine the reason why and notify the health care practitioner.  The medical biller then creates an invoice for the patient.
7. Medical billers may also be responsible for collection of unpaid bills and working with insurance carriers to investigate cases of possible fraud.

Career Outlook

As per the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment prospects for Medical Billers and Coders are excellent with an anticipated growth rate of about 20 percent through 2018. There are two primary factors responsible for this rate of growth: the aging of the population with the increased demand for health care, along with an expansion of medical testing across all demographic groups  leading to earlier detection and treatment of disease and illness.

Healthcare organizations are one of the largest employers of medical billing and coding specialists in the country. The need for medical attention is increasing and consequently physicians and hospitals are realizing the need for a greater number of skilled front-office staff. Coding and billing will, in particular, be highly sought-after areas for medical professionals.

Educational and Training Requirements

As per the AAPC, there are no mandated education requirements to become a medical biller or coder in Florida. However, the AAPC does advise that there is a specific foundation of knowledge and skill set that can best obtained only by enrollment in and accredited training program. Employers also prefer to hire those who have attended formal training at an accredited program since this attests not only to a candidate’s knowledge of the field, but also to their commitment to this career.  This is particularly important for medical coding, because a medical coder must have deep knowledge of thousands of medical terms and insurance codes, which take time and effort to learn.

Accredited programs are offered in both community and four- year colleges. Obtaining an associate’s degree in Medical Billing and Coding will provide you with a competitive advantage in seeking employment over those candidates with a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma (GED). An associate’s degree will also enable you to start at a somewhat higher salary.

A bachelor’s degree in the field of Medical Billing and Coding will provide you the opportunity to enter the career at a higher level as a Health Information Manager with responsibility for supervising the work of medical billers and coders.

Certificate programs are tailored toward people who already have either an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in another field and undergoing a career change. The length of study will vary from six months to one year depending on whether you participate in the program on a full or part time basis.

Coursework in each of the above-mentioned programs will include anatomy and physiology, medical terminology, clinical pharmacology, CPT coding classification systems and software, medical office management, and insurance claim processing. Most programs will also include a practicum experience that provides students the opportunity to gain “real-world” experience as a medical biller and coder within a hospital setting or private physician office.

The American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) accredits programs in medical billing and coding.

View a list of medical billing and coding training programs in Florida >

Certification Requirements

As per the AAPC, there are also no mandatory certification requirements to begin a career as a Medical Biller and Coder in Florida. However, a 2005 survey conducted by AHIMA showed that over 73% of employers nationwide perceive certification of medical billers and coders as highly valuable in terms obtaining employment and advancing the professionalism of the field.

Certification as a medical biller and coder may be obtained from either American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) or American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC). Upon passing a comprehensive five-hour examination consisting of 150 multiple choice questions administered by both AHIM and AAPC you will be granted certification.

AHIMA will grant the designation Certified Coding Specialist (CCS) credential, while the AAPC will award the credential of Certified Professional Coder (CPC) credential.

Those who are new to the field with less than two years experience will be granted the designation CPC-A (Apprentice) by the AAPC. To obtain full certification as a CPC, you will need to have over two years work experience as a medical biller and coder, submit two letters of reference from employers or one letter of recommendation which verifies that you have satisfactorily completed 80 hours of continuing education over the two years.

For complete details regarding certification by AHIMA including eligibility, application and fees to sit for the exam refer to the CCS candidate guide.

For full details regarding the AAPC certification, visit http://www.aapc.com/certification/cpc.aspx

Salaries of Medical Billers and Coders

The table below provides the median salaries for Medical Billers and Coders in select regional areas of the country. Figures as per Salary.com June 2011.

View a list of medical billing and coding training programs in Florida >

Career Overview

Paralegals now have responsibility for many of the tasks once the sole purview of attorneys. However, Paralegals remain prohibited from providing legal advice to clients, setting fees, or representing clients in court (with the possible except of administrative court proceedings).

The specific tasks of paralegals vary depending on their specialty. Two of the most common practice areas are described below.

Corporate Paralegals

Corporate law offers a wide variety of sub-specialties, such as contracts, copyright, commercial real estate, patents and trademarks, as well as banking and securities, among others.

Partial list of responsibilities:

• Assist in the preparation of contracts for various business dealings
• Prepare corporate resolutions and notice of incorporation for new firms and, quarterly reports for shareholder reports, and annual reports with financial statements;
• Prepare all paperwork for mergers and acquisitions;
• Review and monitor new government regulations to ensure the firm’s compliance—especially with regard to banking and securities law;
• Assist with dissolution and wind-up of businesses;
• Prepare buy/sell contracts, leasing agreements, and promissory notes for business loans for the purchase of commercial property.
• Prepare mortgage and closing documents for both residential and commercial properties, and represent clients at property closings.

Litigation Paralegal

There are also several specialties within the area of litigation, such as criminal law, civil law, medical malpractice, labor law, torts (product liability) family law, criminal law, medical malpractice, employment law, trust and estates, elder  law and torts (product liability).

Specific responsibilities include:

• Analyze legal documents related to court proceedings and create/maintain case files;
• Collect and coordinate evidence for use at agency hearings or trial;
• Help prepare witnesses for trial testimony;
• Use such databases as Lexus and Nexus to conduct research in preparation for trial. May also research law-related journals for applicable case law.
• May represent clients at administrative hearings (e.g. entitlement and housing court).
• During trial, paralegals may assist with the drafting of legal arguments, prepare ay pre-trial motions, obtain witness affidavits if unable to appear, and organize all evidence files so they are easily accessible to attorneys during trial.

Working as a Paralegal is an excellent choice for those interested in exploring a legal career without the commitment to three years of law school. Paralegals have become important members of the legal team, combining interesting and challenging work with excellent earnings potential. Paralegals with several years experience may be promoted into positions of Senior Paralegals taking on advanced responsibilities, such as case management, along with training and supervision of junior paralegals.

Career Outlook

Employment prospects of Paralegals are excellent with an anticipated growth rate of  28 percent through 2018, representing a much faster than the rate for most other occupations.  This growth stems primarily from the needs of business to obtain cost efficient legal services, as well as by the expanding specialties of environment law, health care law/medical malpractice, and elder law. The rising popularity of pre-paid legal plans should also contribute to the rising demand.

Paralegal Education

While there is no mandatory education requirement to become a Paralegal in Florida, the large majority of candidates now entering the field possess a minimum of an associate’s degree or certificate in Paralegal Studies. Paralegal programs are also offered at the bachelor’s level, primarily within the divisions of Political Science or Criminal Justice.

It is to your benefit to attend a program accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA) since accreditation attests to the fact that these programs have met strict criteria with regard to curriculum, faculty background, and placement statistics.

View a list of paralegal programs in Florida >

Associate Degree Programs for Paralegal

Associate degree programs are offered by two-year community and junior colleges. The curriculum includes both general liberal arts study and paralegal-specific coursework.  Coursework will include: Introduction to the Paralegal Profession, Legal Foundations, Research Methods, Business law, Litigation, Legal Research, Real Estate law, Trust and Estates, Criminal Law, and Real Estate.

Graduates will be awarded wither an Associate in Science (A.S.) or Associate in Applied Science (A.A.S.) degree.

Bachelor Degree Programs for Paralegal

Several colleges and universities in Texas have developed four-year programs in Paralegal Studies offered in te departments of business, Criminal Justice, or Political Science. Courses taken during the final two years of study in a bachelor’s program are more in-depth and advanced than those offered at the associate’s degree level and permit students the opportunity to specialize in one or more legal areas as noted above. Bachelor’ level programs also typically offer coursework in law office management.

Graduates of Bachelor’s Paralegal programs typically earn a B.S. or B.A. degree.

Certificate Programs for Paralegal

Certificate programs are offered by community colleges, 4-year institutions and private vocational schools. Certificate programs are tailored for those students who possess an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in a different field of study and seek a career change. Coursework is similar to that of an associate’s degree with specializations offered in business law, litigation, real estate, and estate planning.

Certificate programs may be completed on an accelerated day schedule lasting from three to six months.  Up to two years may be required for those students working and only able to attend part time. Classes are typically offered in the evening and weekends and during summer session.

Internships

Many paralegal programs offer an internship experience that provides students with valuable “real-world experience.” Students may be placed in the legal departments of corporations, law firms, government agencies, as well as civil and criminal courts.

For a list of ABA approved paralegal programs in Florida visit: http://apps.americanbar.org/legalservices/paralegals/directory/fl.html

Paralegal Certification

As per the Florida Bar Association, certification is not mandatory to work as a Paralegal in Florida. However, most paralegals choose to pursue voluntary certification out of recognition that this will enhance their job prospects. Certification also confers a certain degree of respect from both employers and colleagues as it attests to a paralegal’s commitment to the profession and expertise within a given specialization.  Certification costs $145 (as of November 2011).  Learn more about becoming certified by the Florida Bar.

The National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) has established standards for the certification of paralegals. These standards include a combination of experience and education.  Those who meet these requirements are able to sit for a two-day examination, now administered exclusively online. Upon passing you will receive the designation Certified Legal Assistant (CLS) or Certified Paralegal (CP).

For additional information regarding application procedure and eligibility requirements visit http://nala.org/ex-overview.aspx.

For additional information regarding the NALA certification examination, visit:  http://www.nala.org/examinee.aspx

Certification is valid for five years during which time paralegals will need to participate in 50 hours of continuing education coursework to renew their credential.   This coursework may be completed via online or in-class study.

Paralegal Salary

The following are median salaries for entry level Paralegals across all specialties in select Florida cities. Salaries will vary depending on your practice area, location, and level of education.

Salary.com as of November 2011

View a list of paralegal programs in Florida >

Career Overview

Although registered nurses may work in a variety of settings, there are a number of responsibilities that will be common to all:

• Treat patients for a variety of illnesses and injuries.
• Provide emotional support to patients and their families.
• Gather patient medical histories and record symptoms.
• Perform diagnostic tests (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, reflex)and analyze results
• Administer prescribed medications as ordered by physicians or physician assistants.
• Educate patients and their families in such areas as managing their illness or injury, proper nutrition, schedule of medications, and suggested exercise routines.
• Nurses with experience may provide supervision to licensed practical nurses, certified nurse assistants and home health aides.
• Create care plans or contribute to the existing plan with updated patient status and needs. These plans may include such items as:
  • proper administration of medications in term so timing and dosage to avoid negative interactions with either diet or other drugs;
  • Starting or discontinuing intravenous (IV) lines for fluids, blood, medication, or liquid nutrients;
  • Administering needed treatment and therapies;
  • Observing patients and recording any noticeable changes in charts;
  • Consultations with physicians, physician assistants and other members of the treatment team.

Career Outlook

As per the Web site of the Florida Nurse’s Association (FNA):

The demand for nursing services has never been greater. More than 1.6 million registered nurses are working in the United States now, more than at any other time in this country’s history. Recent developments in health care such as new, cost-effective financing mechanisms, the movement away from traditional hospital-centered care, and the new emphasis on a healthy life style have dramatically increased the demand for registered nurses. The increasing demand for nurses brings exciting challenges to the nursing profession. Nursing today means new choices, new directions.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the employment of registered nurses is expected to grow at a rate of about 22 percent from 2008 to 2018, which represents a much faster rate of growth than the average of most other occupations.

According to the BLS, the areas where the greatest growth will be seen are:

1. Private Physician offices (48%)
2. Home Health Care (33%)
3. Nursing Care Facilities  (25%)
4. Employment Services (24%)

Three-step process to become a nurse in Florida:

1. Obtain training in an accredited program;
2. Pass the licensing exam;
3. Apply for Florida State licensure.

Below we discuss each of these steps in greater detail.

Education and training

As per the FNA, it is important that the school you enroll in be approved by the Florida Board of Nursing. State approval means that the program has met the minimum requirements as required by State law in terms of quality of education, faculty background, clinical practicum, percent of students who graduate, and job placement.

There are three common educational pathways to becoming a registered nurse:

1. A bachelor of science degree in nursing (BSN) which typically takes about 4 years to complete;
2. A two-year program offered at community colleges leading to an associate’s degree in nursing (ADN);
3. Diploma programs offered by hospitals that take about 3 years to complete

In general, graduation from any of these programs will qualify you to obtain an entry-level position as a staff nurse. While there are hundreds of associate’s and bachelor’s degree programs, there are relatively few diploma programs. Also important to note is that an associate’s may be a great option if you seek a somewhat faster-track into the profession. While a bachelor’s degree may be required to be eligible for promotional opportunities and higher salaries, gaining entry into the field with an associate’s degree means that there is the possibility that you can have your advanced education paid for by the facility in which you work.

View a list of nursing programs in Florida >>

When you complete your nursing education you will be eligible to sit for the national licensing exam.

Licensing Information

As per Willa Fuller of the FNA, “All states generally have the same (education and licensing) requirements. All nurses take the same licensing exam but each must go through their Board of Nursing unless they are in a Multi-State Compact. Florida is not in the compact.”

Upon graduation from an accredited nursing program students must pass a national licensing exam, known as the National Council Licensure Examination, or NCLEX-RN, in order to obtain a nursing license.

NCLEX-RN Exams

The NLEX is a national, standard multiple-choice type examination for entry-level registered nurse candidates. The test was developed by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing. The exam is more application oriented than theoretical with a focus on of those job functions commonly performed by entry-level nurses. The exam tests essential nursing competencies, medical knowledge, and determines candidates’ eligibility to receive an RN license and begin working in the field

Eight-Step process to sit for the NCLEX-RN Exam

1. Before you can take the exam you will need to obtain an Authorization to Test (ATT) letter which will permit you to schedule the test and be admitted to the test site. You can obtain this letter by registering and submitting an application with the Florida Board of Nursing. To being the registration/application process visit https://ww2.doh.state.fl.us/DOHInitialApp/login.aspx. For a quick checklist of what you will need to submit with your application to the Board of Nursing, visit http://www.doh.state.fl.us/mqa/nursing/info_QRCexam.pdf. A detailed list is available once you register with the Florida Board.
2. Once you receive the ATT letter, it will be valid for 90 days from time of issuance.
3. You will also need to present an acceptable form of photo ID when arriving at the testing center:
   1. State-issued driver’s license
   2. Military ID
   3. Passport
4. Once you have received your ATT letter from the State board, you can register for the NCLEX-RN through one of the Person Vue centers.
   1. Locate a testing center in your area.
   2. Register for the exam.
   3. Schedule this exam well in advance of your target date as sits fill up quickly. The fee to take the exam is $200.

As part of your preparation you will want to review the Candidate Bulletin to become with the test structure and content. Visit https://www.ncsbn.org/1213.htm to view either the full bulletin or an abridged version.

Continuing Education Requirements for Nursing License Renewal

Per the Florida Department of Health, Registered Nurses up for renewal of their licenses (on a 2-year cycle), must complete 24 hours of continuing education courses in particular subject areas.  Example subjects include prevention of medical errors, HIV/AIDS, and domestic violence.  There are several web resources that offer continuing education for nurses in an online format.

Salary of Registered Nurses

The following present the earnings of entry-level nurses in select Florida cities

Salary.com June 2011

Alternative Healthcare Careers

Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN): LPNs are primarily responsible for patient care and are generally under the supervision of registered nurses (RNs).  Becoming an LPN typically takes one year of study, after which you will receive a certificate of completion. Once graduating from an accredited training program the prospective LPN will need to pass the NCLEX-PN (Practical Nurse) test before becoming eligible for certification.  For more information on becoming an LPN visit the Web site of the National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN)

Starting as an LPN might be a great idea if you wish to pursue a nursing career since it is very possible that your employer will pay a large part (if not all) of tuition costs toward your RN licensure. There are also some educational programs that offer an LPN-RN study track thereby cutting down the total time it will take to obtain both certifications.

Other career options that are nursing-related careers include certified nursing assistant (CNA), medical assistant, emergency medical technician, and physician assistant. Keep in mind that physician assistants must possess a bachelor’s degree and successfully graduate from a medical program very like that offered in medical schools. Minimum time frame to become a physician assistant is six years. For more information on becoming a physician assistant visit the American Academy of Physician Assistants (AAPA).

View a list of nursing programs in Florida >>

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Pharmacy Technicians receive written or electronic prescription requests from patients and then verify that the information on the prescription is complete and accurate. To prepare the prescription, technicians retrieve, count, pour, weigh, measure, and sometimes mix the medication. Then they prepare the prescription labels, select the type of container, and affix the prescription and auxiliary labels to the container. Once the prescription is filled, technicians price and file the prescription, which must be checked by a pharmacist before it is given to the patient. Technicians may establish and maintain patient profiles, as well as prepare insurance claim forms.

Although the majority of pharmacy technicians work in retail stores, there are also job opportunities available in such other settings as hospitals, nursing homes, assisted-living facilities, pharmaceutical warehouses, mail order pharmacies, research labs, as well as federal agencies (e.g. Food and Drug Administration).

Pharmacy technicians are often detail oriented and excel at customer service and communication.

Career Growth

There is also opportunity for pharmacy technicians to specialize in one area such as chemotherapy or nuclear medicine.  Those with strong performance records in larger-size companies may be promoted into such supervisory roles as Senior Pharmacy Technician, although they will still be under the direct supervision of pharmacists. Another avenue of career growth is for pharmacy technicians to continue their education to become a pharmacist (typically through a five year undergraduate program).

Work Environment. As noted, pharmacy technicians work in a variety of settings. They often have scattered schedules with evenings, weekend and holiday work often required, especially within health care settings, such as hospitals, that are open 24 hours. Physical stamina is important as the work requires standing for long periods, along with the need to lift sometimes heavy boxes of medication and using stepladders to retrieve supplied from higher shelves.

Career Outlook

As the aging of the population continues to grow with new families of drugs being introduced on a fairly regular basis, greater numbers of people are using prescription medication to treat illness and disease. In tandem with this trend, cost-minded health insurance providers are calling upon pharmacists to expand their role into direct patient care and education. Pharmacists, in turn, are relying upon pharmacy technicians to meet the increased demand for medications while maintaining high levels of safety and accuracy. Arising from this, there will continue to be a strong demand for pharmacy technicians.  The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the field of pharmacy technician is expected to increase by 31% from 2008 to 2016, reflecting a much faster rate of growth than the average for all occupations.

Training and Registration Requirements

As per the Florida State Board of Pharmacy (FBP), effective January 1, 2011, any person who wishes to work as a pharmacy technician in the State of Florida must register with the Board of Pharmacy. To register with the Board of Pharmacy, an applicant must submit an application for registration, pay a fee ($105.00 as of January 2012), and provide proof that they completed a board-approved pharmacy technician training program.

• Learn more about the the registration process by reading the document Pharmacy Technician Registration Application and Instructions.
• Browse a list of FBP-approved pharmacy technician programs.
• Read answers to Frequently Asked Questions provided by FBP.

Many training programs will include a clinical component during which students will have the opportunity to work in a pharmacy setting under supervision of Pharmacist.  Programs will cover content such as pharmacy law, confidentiality, pharmaceutical-medical terminology, medication labeling, controlled substances, and ethics.

View a list of pharmacy technician programs in Florida.

Continuing Education Requirements

Per the FBP, registered Pharmacy Technicians are required to obtain a minimum of 12 contact hours of continuing education (CE) of which 2 hours must be via live presentation and 2 hours must be related to the prevention of medication errors and 1 hour must be in HIV/Aids education for the first renewal if they are licensed more than 12 months before the expiration of the license. If they are licensed less than 12 months they are only required to obtain 1 contact hour in the prevention of HIV/Aids.

In order to renew your registration, you must also pay a $55 biennial renewal fee.

You can read more about the renewal process in the document provided by FBP.

Salary for Pharmacy Technicians

Below are the median annual salaries for Pharmacy Technicians-Level 1 (Entry-level) in major metropolitan cities of Florida:

Salary.com, updated May 2011

View a list of pharmacy technician programs in Florida.

If any of above sounds familiar, a career as an automotive technician is right up your alley! Not only will you have the opportunity to work with cars all day, but you will also be using some of the most advanced technology on the market. The bonus is that it doesn’t take all that long to get started.

Career Overview

Automotive technicians inspect, repair, and maintain automobiles and trucks that run on gas, diesel fuel, alternative fuels (e.g. ethanol), or electricity. The work of automotive technicians has evolved from performing simple auto mechanics to services that incorporate advanced-level technology, such as integrated electronic and computer systems. As a result, today’s automotive technician must possess knowledge of how these complex systems operate and be able to effectively work with digital equipment and electronic diagnostic tools.

Below is a listing of the common responsibilities of auto mechanics:

• Perform basic car repairs and maintenance, such as oil changes, tire rotations, and brake realignment.
• Use diagnostic tools to identify and troubleshoot problems. For example, if the air conditioner isn’t working the auto technician may evaluate whether there is sufficient coolant or short-circuit in the electrical system.
• Test drive vehicles using hand-held diagnostic computers to determine where any problems may be.
• Follow a check-list to ensure that every part is examined: engines, transmissions, belts, hoses, plugs, brakes, fuel systems, and mufflers.
• Use such power-tools as pneumatic wrenches to remove bolts, welding equipment to repair body parts or exhaust systems, jacks and hoists to examine the engine and other systems; lathes and grinding equipment to repair or rebuilding brake systems, and hand tools, such as screwdrivers, pliers, and hammers, to perform minor repairs.
• Interpret computer read-outs from computer diagnostic tools and compare with manufacturer technical manuals. Any major deviations from manufacturer specifications are cause for further investigation.
• Knowledge of navigation and global positioning systems, along with accident-avoidance systems that are incorporated into many high-end automobiles.
• Knowledge of the science behind alternative fuels, such as ethanol, as well as the mechanics behind electrically-operated vehicles.

Automotive technicians may also choose to specialize in one area:

• Some technicians specialize in the rebuilding of transmissions and hydraulic pumps that requires knowledge of the most advanced computer technology on the market.
• Tune-up technicians use electronic testing equipment to maintain timing belts, and replace spark plugs and other parts to maximize engine performance.
• Brake specialists replace and repair brake pads and braking systems. Some technicians perform both front and back end brakes repairs.

Work Environment

Most auto technicians work in auto repair shops, gas stations, dealerships, service centers, as well as accessories and supplies outlets. Most work a standard 40 hour week, including evenings and weekends. Although many problems can now be diagnosed and repaired with computerized equipment, technicians still frequently work with dirty and greasy parts and remain in awkward positions for extended periods.

Job Prospects

As per the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of auto technicians is expected to grow by about 5 percent from 2008 to 2018.

Education and Training

Most employees consider the successful completion of a vocational training program in automotive technology as the best preparation for a career in this field. Training may be completed on the high school level or by attendance at a vocational school or two year community college program.  The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence evaluates the quality of education offered by automotive technician programs against standards developed by the industry. By attending an accredited program you can be assured that you are receiving training that will be recognized and respected by prospective employers.

High School Preparation

Some of the more extensive high school programs are offered through the Automotive Youth Education Service (AYES), a partnership between high school automotive repair programs, auto manufacturers, and dealerships. All AYES programs are certified by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellent. Coursework includes automotive repair, electronics, chemistry, English, computers, and mathematics.

For a list of accredited AYES High Schools in Florida visit:  http://www.natef.org/certified00.cfm.

Postsecondary Automotive Tech Training

If you have already graduated from high school, you can attend an automotive technician training program, which provides intensive preparation through a combination of classroom instruction in auto repair and maintenance, along with “real-world” experience.  Training may last from 6 months to one year depending on whether the student attends on a full or part time basis. Upon completion, students are awarded a certification of completion. Community colleges award either a certificate or associate’s degree. Associate degree programs typically take 2 years to complete and, aside from automotive training, require coursework in liberal arts studies.

View a list of automotive technician training programs in Florida.

First Job and Next Career Steps

Those new to the field usually start as technician trainees and gradually, over a period of a few months, acquire the skills and experience needed to work on their own. It typically takes between 2-5 years to become a fully qualified service technician able to handle the most complex tasks using advanced technological equipment.  An additional 1 to 2 years may be required to learn advanced skills, such as rebuilding transmissions. Brake specialists may be able to learn their jobs in much less time since they do need to have the same level of advanced technical knowledge.

Dealerships and automotive repair shops may send the most promising beginners or experienced technicians to manufacturer-sponsored technician training programs to update or maintain their skills.

There are several avenues of career growth, especially for certified technicians!  Experienced technicians with managerial ability may be promoted into the position of auto technician supervisor or service manager. Those who work well with customers may become auto service estimators. If you have an entrepreneurial spirit (and sufficient funds!) there is also the option to open your own repair shop. You may also become an instructor within a vocational training program or community college.

Certification

Acquiring National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) Certification has become standard credential for those seeking to work as automotive service technicians. While not mandatory for employment in Florida, obtaining this certification leads to increased employment opportunities, recognition for service excellence, and a higher rate of pay.

Prospective candidates may register to take one of 40 exams administered by ASE. The tests are grouped into such specialties as automobile, medium/heavy truck, school bus, and collision repair. Within automotive services certification is available in several areas, including electrical systems, brake systems, suspension and steering, air conditioning, engine repair.

Upon passing at least one exam and providing evidence of at least 2 years experience as an automotive technician, the candidate becomes ASE Certified. To remain certified, those with the ASE credential must retest once every five years. Testing is administered by paper-and pencil and computer based (CBT) at over 750 locations throughout the country.

For a list of paper and pencil testing locations in Florida, visit: http://locator.ase.com/ppt/locator.php

For a list of CBT testing locations in Florida, visit: http://locator.ase.com/cbt/locator.php

Entry-level Automotive Technician Salaries

Below is a listing of average salaries for entry level auto technicians with less than one year experience in select Florida cities. Your income may vary depending on type of setting in which you work.

View a list of automotive technician training programs in Florida.

Career Overview

The main responsibility of graphic designers is to visually portray ideas and concepts using color, imaging, layout, type illustration, animation, and various print and layout methods. Graphic designers create a variety of print and electronic communication that include books and book covers, CD/DVD covers, magazine ads, posters, logos for products and services, catalogs, brochures, newsletters and Web sites. An increasing number of graphic designers also work in interactive multimedia.

Specific duties of a graphic designer:

• The first step in developing a design is to identify the needs of the client and the message that is to be conveyed. Graphic designers consider the age, socioeconomic, and cultural factors of the target audience when planning and developing a design.
• Identifying the needs of consumers and market trends is becoming more important as the role of graphic designers is expanding to include campaign strategy.
• Graphic designers prepare sketches—either by hand or with special computer software—to illustrate their design concept. They select the color, artwork, photographs, animation, typography and other elements, such as sound, that will comprise the visual message.
• Designers may also incorporate charts, graphs and other visual aids for use in certain types of publications (e.g. annual reports and brochures).
• Designers also frequently consult with copywriters regarding any text that will accompany the design to ensure consistency between their design and verbal message.
• Designers then present their completed concept to clients (art or creative directors) for approval.
• Designers, who work in publishing and printing firms may also be responsible for selecting the paper and ink to be used in the publication and reviewing mock-ups for any errors before final publication.
• Senior designers may supervise the work of technical assistants who work on certain parts of the design process.
• Those of you who have an entrepreneurial spirit may also wish to start your own graphic design firm. You can elect to focus on a specific industry or become a generalist. Start-up cost is a consideration as you will need to have the most up-to-date computer equipment and design software. You must also have a sufficient nest-egg to live without an income from 3 to 6 months or more as you build a steady client base. Many who start a graphic design business remain in their current job to meet living expenses. Once the business is up and running, you can then devote full-time to it!

Graphic designers may find employment in publishing firms, design firms, advertising agencies, in-house design departments, film, television, along with computer animation and design firms.

Career Outlook for Graphic Designers

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of graphic designers is expected to grow by about 13 percent from 2008 to 2018 which is about as fast as the average for all occupations.

The best job prospects will be for graphic designers with Web site design and animation skills as demand will continue to increase for design projects that incorporate interactive media. Demand will also arise from advertising agencies that create print and Web-based promotional material for products and services. Growth in the field is slowed by the reduced demand for graphic designers within the print publishing industry.

Education and training of Graphic Designers

The American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA), the national organization that represents the field of graphic design, in conjunction with the National Association of Schools of Design of Schools of Design, (NASD) the agency that accredits design programs, have set certain standards with regard to the education and training of graphic designers.

Both organizations maintain that just because a school offers coursework in graphic design does not indicate that it sufficiently prepare students for professional practice. There is a minimum quality standard for practice that can only be obtained through a four-year undergraduate professional program that provides students with a comprehensive education in the field.

The degrees that students will obtain in accredited programs are the Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design or Bachelor of Graphic Design. The majority of coursework (over 65%) in these programs will focus on design-related courses with a minimum of 25% devoted to graphic design. The remainder of the program will include general liberal arts subjects.  This is a specialized rather than generalized degree program and is targeted toward those who are clear in their intention to become graphic designers.

Community colleges also offer courses in graphic design, commercial art, and visual communication. Graduates are awarded an Associates of Arts, Associate of Fine Arts, or Associates in Science degree. Obtaining an associate’s degree in graphic design will open the door for you to take part in this exciting field by participating in diverse projects, from magazine ads to animation and multi-media.

An associate’s degree will enable you to obtain entry-level employment as a design assistant where you will employ technical design skills (e.g. design layouts, prepare graphics for various projects, assist in the production of print and digital mechanicals) rather than participate in concept development and strategy or client presentations. However, these positions offer wonderful learning opportunities and provide a solid foundation for future career advancement.  Keep in mind that you can also transfer into four year programs that will make you eligible to assume a greater diversity of responsibilities with higher salaries

Below is a listing of Florida Graphic Design programs that have been accredited by NASD:

• Florida International University (Miami)
• Florida State University (Tallahassee)
• New World School of Arts (Miami)
• Ringling College of Art & Design (Sarasota)
• University of Florida (Gainesville)
• University of South Florida (Tampa)

Find a school near you in Florida offering a Graphic Design program >>

Skills of Graphic Designers

Essential skills for graphic designers include creativity and problem-solving. You must be able to communicate concepts visually and have an eye for detail. You also need to remain current with new market trends and be able to create designs that reflect these changes. The ability to work independently and meet deadlines is also important so you will need self-discipline, along with the ability to work under pressure.

To obtain your first job, you will also need to have a strong portfolio that highlights your versatility and creativity in coming up with design concepts for diverse campaigns.   Most graphic design programs incorporate real-world projects that will help you to build an impressive portfolio.  You may also be able to participate in internship opportunities to build your portfolio—many of which may lead to full time jobs upon graduation!

Professional Associations for Florida Graphic Designers

The primary association for graphic designers is the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA). There are chapters located throughout Florida as noted below.  The Web site of each chapter lists events, discussions by other members, and job postings. Membership provides a great way to network with other professionals in the field.

• Miami.aiga.org
• Tampa.aiga.org
• Jacksonville.aiga.org
• Orlando.aiga.org

Salary Information for Graphic Designers in Florida

Below is a list of median salary for Graphic Designers in select Florida cities. As with other occupations, your salary will depend on years of experience, level of education, and location. The figures reflect all sectors where graphic designers can expect to find employment.

Find a school near you in Florida offering a Graphic Design program >>

Crime Scene Investigators, also known as Forensic Science technicians, examine and interpret physical evidence and attempt to reconstruct the sequence of events at a crime scene. Physical evidence may be in the form of a weapon, blood splatter, substances, clothing or other material, as well as fingerprints and footprints. CSIs evaluate this evidence in their attempt to establish a causal chain between the suspect and the victim.  Proper collection procedures must be used to ensure that the evidence does not become tainted. Clothing such as masks, gloves, and boots must be worn when handling evidence to prevent contamination and damage to evidence.

Once the evidence is transferred to a laboratory setting, forensic science laboratory technicians perform different tests depending on the type of evidence collected. CSIs are often called upon to present their findings in court cases.

Typical responsibilities of CSIs include:

• Collect and evaluate physical evidence found at a crime scene
• Consults with laboratory personnel such as medical, chemical and metallurgical experts, fingerprinting and ballistic examiners, graphologists, and document reviewers to interpret collected evidence and linking to suspected persons.
• Reconstructs the scene of the crime in an attempt to establish a relationship among pieces of evidence.
• Collect and transport evidence to the laboratory for further analysis
• Uses laboratory equipment to evaluate tissue specimens, chemical substances, as well as physical and ballistic evidence.
• Participating in meetings and conferences with other members of the investigation team (e.g. fingerprint and DNA experts)
• Prepares reports of investigative methodology, laboratory procedures, and findings.
• May serve as an expert witness regarding evidence during trials and pre-trial hearings.

According to Mike Byrd of the Miami-Dade Police Department, there can be some variation in duties between departments and agencies in different regions of the state. For example, if you reside in a large metropolitan area which consistently ranks in the Top 10 nationally in the frequency of violent crimes, the evidence and collection processes may constitute the bulk of responsibilities. However, a geographic location with a much smaller incidence of crime might call for a broader range of job skills such as lab testing, fingerprint analysis, etc.

Work Environment

CSIs work wherever a crime has been committed, whether indoor or outdoor day or night. Their schedule is erratic with 24/7 on-call duty. The work involves frequent exposure to blood and other physical trauma, with death a frequent outcome of the violence.  You will also be in frequent contact with infectious agents, noxious fumes, and foul odors. Arising from this, CSIs must wear protective clothing such as masks, gloves, and boots when in direct contact with bodily secretions to prevent their spread.  Lab settings are usually well-lit and clean and CSIs usually have a desk and computer on which to work.

Educational Requirements

According to Mr. Byrd, those who wish to work as a CSI or Forensic Technician will need a minimum of a High School Diploma or GED, with an Associate in Science degree preferred. Certificate programs are also available and consist of about 14 courses including the natural sciences, criminal justice, crime scene investigation methods, and forensic anthropology (e.g. bone structure).  Mr. Byrd suggests that any academic coursework in forensics or science be augmented with such course as computers, drafting, and photography.

The Forensic Educational Programs Accreditation Commission (FEBAC) established by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences ensures that both undergraduate and graduate forensic programs adhere to minimum standards regarding academic excellence.  Students interested in pursuing a career in forensic science are encouraged to enroll in an accredited program.

View a list of schools in Florida offering CSI programs.

Additional Requirements

In addition to education, the basic requirements to become a CSI include:

• the ability to pass a thorough background check
• a valid Florida driver’s license
• ability to operate video or camera equipment
• good verbal and written communication skills
• computer proficiency

Frank Shonberger of the Florida Chapter of the International Association for Identification also states that while some agencies and departments will require that you be a Sworn Police Officer before becoming a CSI, most do not. According to Mr. Shonberger, both Sworn Officers and civilians may apply for most vacancies and civilian employees do not need to possess a firearm permit.

Because of the disparity that may exist with regard to CSI job duties, both Mr. Byrd and Mr. Shonberger advise that those interested in becoming a CSI contact the department or agencies where you reside or will be residing to determine their specific requirements and duties.  A good place to start this research would be the regional operations centers of the Florida Department of Law Enforcement.

This is a career that will involve a significant amount of on-the-job training.  Such on-the-job training will teach crime scene investigation methodology, software programs, lab analysis, and forensic databases related to the type of crime they are investigating.

Certification

The International Association for Identification (IAI) awards voluntary certification for CSIs.

There are three levels of certification offered by the IAI for CSIs. Level I is the Entry Level Certified Crime Scene Investigator (CSI) and requires a minimum of one year experience in the field along with satisfactory completion of 48 hours of crime scene training.

While certification is not a requirement for employment, joining the IAI confers several benefits:

• The IAI hosts an annual educational conference that offers workshops, seminars, and lectures that serve to provide current information and trends regarding investigatory methods, new technologies, and advances in forensic science all of which may be applied toward Level I certification.
• Membership provides you with the opportunity to network with industry professional not only within Florida, but across the country.
• The FDIAI also has an active job board. Dues to become a member of the Florida Division are $35. plus a first year only non-refundable fee of $5.

Career Outlook

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment for forensic technicians is expected to increase by about 20 percent through 2016 which is much faster than the rate for all occupations. Growth in jobs within federal, as well as state and local governments is due to the development of state-of-the-art forensic techniques, such as DNA analysis to evaluate evidence and solve crimes.

The majority of employment opportunities for forensic technicians may be found in the Orlando, Tampa and West Palm Beach Areas.  Relative to population size, most forensic technician jobs are found in the Lakeland, West Palm Beach, and Cape Coral areas. In contrast, there are relatively fewer jobs in the Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Tampa areas relative to population size.

Salary Information

As per Salary.com, the metropolitan areas with the highest median salaries for Forensic Technicians are Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Tampa. (Numbers as of 2008).