Medical billing is the process by which a doctor or hospital receives payment for their services.  Medical coding is one step of the medical billing process, during which the treatment is assigned a special code used by insurance companies to process a claim.  While medical billing and medical coding are technically two different jobs, they are often done by the same person.  That’s why training programs often group these skills under a single program titled “Medical Billing and Coding” or “Health Information Technician.”

Career Overview

Medical coding is a surprisingly complicated procedure. It requires broad medical knowledge that encompasses various forms of treatment, diseases and thousands of different medical codes.  Insurance companies use these codes in their investigations and the payment of any associated costs.  As per the American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC), medical coders need to be familiar with different types of insurance plans, regulations, compliance, and the coding community’s three critical resource books: CPT®, HCPCS Level II and ICD-9-CM along with their corresponding codes and guidelines.

The job of the medical billing specialist is also an important one. When a person receives any treatment, the physician, clinic or hospital responsible needs to get paid. The medical biller collects the relevant information, produces a bill and forwards it to the appropriate person or organization. They are also responsible for maintaining billing records and following up on any queries.

Typical steps of the medical billing process include:

1. The medical biller inputs all pertinent patient  information into a database.
2. The medical coder assigns an appropriate code for the procedure based on the classification system used by insurance carriers.
3. Once a specific code has been assigned by the medical coder, an insurance claim form can then be completed by the medical biller and submitted to the insurance provider.
4. The claim form is then reviewed by a claim’s processor and either approved or denied.
5. If the insurance claim is approved, the insurance company will reimburse the healthcare provider as per the rates set for the specific code that has been assigned.
6. If the claim has been denied by the insurance company, the medical biller must determine the reason why and notify the health care practitioner.  The medical biller then creates an invoice for the patient.
7. Medical billers may also be responsible for collection of unpaid bills and working with insurance carriers to investigate cases of possible fraud.

Career Outlook

As per the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment prospects for Medical Billers and Coders are excellent with an anticipated growth rate of about 20 percent through 2018. There are two primary factors responsible for this rate of growth: the aging of the population with the increased demand for health care, along with an expansion of medical testing across all demographic groups  leading to earlier detection and treatment of disease and illness.

Healthcare organizations are one of the largest employers of medical billing and coding specialists in the country. The need for medical attention is increasing and consequently physicians and hospitals are realizing the need for a greater number of skilled front-office staff. Coding and billing will, in particular, be highly sought-after areas for medical professionals.

Educational and Training Requirements

As per the AAPC, there are no mandated education requirements to become a medical biller or coder in Florida. However, the AAPC does advise that there is a specific foundation of knowledge and skill set that can best obtained only by enrollment in and accredited training program. Employers also prefer to hire those who have attended formal training at an accredited program since this attests not only to a candidate’s knowledge of the field, but also to their commitment to this career.  This is particularly important for medical coding, because a medical coder must have deep knowledge of thousands of medical terms and insurance codes, which take time and effort to learn.

Accredited programs are offered in both community and four- year colleges. Obtaining an associate’s degree in Medical Billing and Coding will provide you with a competitive advantage in seeking employment over those candidates with a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma (GED). An associate’s degree will also enable you to start at a somewhat higher salary.

A bachelor’s degree in the field of Medical Billing and Coding will provide you the opportunity to enter the career at a higher level as a Health Information Manager with responsibility for supervising the work of medical billers and coders.

Certificate programs are tailored toward people who already have either an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in another field and undergoing a career change. The length of study will vary from six months to one year depending on whether you participate in the program on a full or part time basis.

Coursework in each of the above-mentioned programs will include anatomy and physiology, medical terminology, clinical pharmacology, CPT coding classification systems and software, medical office management, and insurance claim processing. Most programs will also include a practicum experience that provides students the opportunity to gain “real-world” experience as a medical biller and coder within a hospital setting or private physician office.

The American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) accredits programs in medical billing and coding.

View a list of medical billing and coding training programs in Florida >

Certification Requirements

As per the AAPC, there are also no mandatory certification requirements to begin a career as a Medical Biller and Coder in Florida. However, a 2005 survey conducted by AHIMA showed that over 73% of employers nationwide perceive certification of medical billers and coders as highly valuable in terms obtaining employment and advancing the professionalism of the field.

Certification as a medical biller and coder may be obtained from either American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) or American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC). Upon passing a comprehensive five-hour examination consisting of 150 multiple choice questions administered by both AHIM and AAPC you will be granted certification.

AHIMA will grant the designation Certified Coding Specialist (CCS) credential, while the AAPC will award the credential of Certified Professional Coder (CPC) credential.

Those who are new to the field with less than two years experience will be granted the designation CPC-A (Apprentice) by the AAPC. To obtain full certification as a CPC, you will need to have over two years work experience as a medical biller and coder, submit two letters of reference from employers or one letter of recommendation which verifies that you have satisfactorily completed 80 hours of continuing education over the two years.

For complete details regarding certification by AHIMA including eligibility, application and fees to sit for the exam refer to the CCS candidate guide.

For full details regarding the AAPC certification, visit http://www.aapc.com/certification/cpc.aspx

Salaries of Medical Billers and Coders

The table below provides the median salaries for Medical Billers and Coders in select regional areas of the country. Figures as per Salary.com June 2011.

View a list of medical billing and coding training programs in Florida >

The paralegal profession has been in great demand over the past ten years or so arising from the needs of business and individuals to obtain cost-efficient legal services.

Career Overview

Paralegals now have responsibility for many of the tasks once the sole purview of attorneys. However, Paralegals remain prohibited from providing legal advice to clients, setting fees, or representing clients in court (with the possible except of administrative court proceedings).

The specific tasks of paralegals vary depending on their specialty. Two of the most common practice areas are described below.

Corporate Paralegals

Corporate law offers a wide variety of sub-specialties, such as contracts, copyright, commercial real estate, patents and trademarks, as well as banking and securities, among others.

Partial list of responsibilities:

• Assist in the preparation of contracts for various business dealings
• Prepare corporate resolutions and notice of incorporation for new firms and, quarterly reports for shareholder reports, and annual reports with financial statements;
• Prepare all paperwork for mergers and acquisitions;
• Review and monitor new government regulations to ensure the firm’s compliance—especially with regard to banking and securities law;
• Assist with dissolution and wind-up of businesses;
• Prepare buy/sell contracts, leasing agreements, and promissory notes for business loans for the purchase of commercial property.
• Prepare mortgage and closing documents for both residential and commercial properties, and represent clients at property closings.

Litigation Paralegal

There are also several specialties within the area of litigation, such as criminal law, civil law, medical malpractice, labor law, torts (product liability) family law, criminal law, medical malpractice, employment law, trust and estates, elder  law and torts (product liability).

Specific responsibilities include:

• Analyze legal documents related to court proceedings and create/maintain case files;
• Collect and coordinate evidence for use at agency hearings or trial;
• Help prepare witnesses for trial testimony;
• Use such databases as Lexus and Nexus to conduct research in preparation for trial. May also research law-related journals for applicable case law.
• May represent clients at administrative hearings (e.g. entitlement and housing court).
• During trial, paralegals may assist with the drafting of legal arguments, prepare ay pre-trial motions, obtain witness affidavits if unable to appear, and organize all evidence files so they are easily accessible to attorneys during trial.

Working as a Paralegal is an excellent choice for those interested in exploring a legal career without the commitment to three years of law school. Paralegals have become important members of the legal team, combining interesting and challenging work with excellent earnings potential. Paralegals with several years experience may be promoted into positions of Senior Paralegals taking on advanced responsibilities, such as case management, along with training and supervision of junior paralegals.

Career Outlook

Employment prospects of Paralegals are excellent with an anticipated growth rate of  28 percent through 2018, representing a much faster than the rate for most other occupations.  This growth stems primarily from the needs of business to obtain cost efficient legal services, as well as by the expanding specialties of environment law, health care law/medical malpractice, and elder law. The rising popularity of pre-paid legal plans should also contribute to the rising demand.

Paralegal Education

While there is no mandatory education requirement to become a Paralegal in Florida, the large majority of candidates now entering the field possess a minimum of an associate’s degree or certificate in Paralegal Studies. Paralegal programs are also offered at the bachelor’s level, primarily within the divisions of Political Science or Criminal Justice.

It is to your benefit to attend a program accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA) since accreditation attests to the fact that these programs have met strict criteria with regard to curriculum, faculty background, and placement statistics.

View a list of paralegal programs in Florida >

Associate Degree Programs for Paralegal

Associate degree programs are offered by two-year community and junior colleges. The curriculum includes both general liberal arts study and paralegal-specific coursework.  Coursework will include: Introduction to the Paralegal Profession, Legal Foundations, Research Methods, Business law, Litigation, Legal Research, Real Estate law, Trust and Estates, Criminal Law, and Real Estate.

Graduates will be awarded wither an Associate in Science (A.S.) or Associate in Applied Science (A.A.S.) degree.

Bachelor Degree Programs for Paralegal

Several colleges and universities in Texas have developed four-year programs in Paralegal Studies offered in te departments of business, Criminal Justice, or Political Science. Courses taken during the final two years of study in a bachelor’s program are more in-depth and advanced than those offered at the associate’s degree level and permit students the opportunity to specialize in one or more legal areas as noted above. Bachelor’ level programs also typically offer coursework in law office management.

Graduates of Bachelor’s Paralegal programs typically earn a B.S. or B.A. degree.

Certificate Programs for Paralegal

Certificate programs are offered by community colleges, 4-year institutions and private vocational schools. Certificate programs are tailored for those students who possess an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in a different field of study and seek a career change. Coursework is similar to that of an associate’s degree with specializations offered in business law, litigation, real estate, and estate planning.

Certificate programs may be completed on an accelerated day schedule lasting from three to six months.  Up to two years may be required for those students working and only able to attend part time. Classes are typically offered in the evening and weekends and during summer session.

Internships

Many paralegal programs offer an internship experience that provides students with valuable “real-world experience.” Students may be placed in the legal departments of corporations, law firms, government agencies, as well as civil and criminal courts.

For a list of ABA approved paralegal programs in Florida visit: http://apps.americanbar.org/legalservices/paralegals/directory/fl.html

Paralegal Certification

As per the Florida Bar Association, certification is not mandatory to work as a Paralegal in Florida. However, most paralegals choose to pursue voluntary certification out of recognition that this will enhance their job prospects. Certification also confers a certain degree of respect from both employers and colleagues as it attests to a paralegal’s commitment to the profession and expertise within a given specialization.  Certification costs $145 (as of November 2011).  Learn more about becoming certified by the Florida Bar.

The National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) has established standards for the certification of paralegals. These standards include a combination of experience and education.  Those who meet these requirements are able to sit for a two-day examination, now administered exclusively online. Upon passing you will receive the designation Certified Legal Assistant (CLS) or Certified Paralegal (CP).

For additional information regarding application procedure and eligibility requirements visit http://nala.org/ex-overview.aspx.

For additional information regarding the NALA certification examination, visit:  http://www.nala.org/examinee.aspx

Certification is valid for five years during which time paralegals will need to participate in 50 hours of continuing education coursework to renew their credential.   This coursework may be completed via online or in-class study.

Paralegal Salary

The following are median salaries for entry level Paralegals across all specialties in select Florida cities. Salaries will vary depending on your practice area, location, and level of education.

Salary.com as of November 2011

View a list of paralegal programs in Florida >

Nursing is a profession that offers diverse responsibilities, along with wonderful career growth opportunities.  Opportunities are available in a wide range of settings: hospitals, nursing homes, long-term care facilities, and community-based health clinics. Nursing is not a job; it is a profession that requires highly specialized skills and knowledge. The work can be challenging and demanding but there is almost no other career that offers the same degree of personal and professional reward.

Career Overview

Although registered nurses may work in a variety of settings, there are a number of responsibilities that will be common to all:

• Treat patients for a variety of illnesses and injuries.
• Provide emotional support to patients and their families.
• Gather patient medical histories and record symptoms.
• Perform diagnostic tests (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, reflex)and analyze results
• Administer prescribed medications as ordered by physicians or physician assistants.
• Educate patients and their families in such areas as managing their illness or injury, proper nutrition, schedule of medications, and suggested exercise routines.
• Nurses with experience may provide supervision to licensed practical nurses, certified nurse assistants and home health aides.
• Create care plans or contribute to the existing plan with updated patient status and needs. These plans may include such items as:
  • proper administration of medications in term so timing and dosage to avoid negative interactions with either diet or other drugs;
  • Starting or discontinuing intravenous (IV) lines for fluids, blood, medication, or liquid nutrients;
  • Administering needed treatment and therapies;
  • Observing patients and recording any noticeable changes in charts;
  • Consultations with physicians, physician assistants and other members of the treatment team.

Career Outlook

As per the Web site of the Florida Nurse’s Association (FNA):

The demand for nursing services has never been greater. More than 1.6 million registered nurses are working in the United States now, more than at any other time in this country’s history. Recent developments in health care such as new, cost-effective financing mechanisms, the movement away from traditional hospital-centered care, and the new emphasis on a healthy life style have dramatically increased the demand for registered nurses. The increasing demand for nurses brings exciting challenges to the nursing profession. Nursing today means new choices, new directions.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the employment of registered nurses is expected to grow at a rate of about 22 percent from 2008 to 2018, which represents a much faster rate of growth than the average of most other occupations.

According to the BLS, the areas where the greatest growth will be seen are:

1. Private Physician offices (48%)
2. Home Health Care (33%)
3. Nursing Care Facilities  (25%)
4. Employment Services (24%)

Three-step process to become a nurse in Florida:

1. Obtain training in an accredited program;
2. Pass the licensing exam;
3. Apply for Florida State licensure.

Below we discuss each of these steps in greater detail.

Education and training

As per the FNA, it is important that the school you enroll in be approved by the Florida Board of Nursing. State approval means that the program has met the minimum requirements as required by State law in terms of quality of education, faculty background, clinical practicum, percent of students who graduate, and job placement.

There are three common educational pathways to becoming a registered nurse:

1. A bachelor of science degree in nursing (BSN) which typically takes about 4 years to complete;
2. A two-year program offered at community colleges leading to an associate’s degree in nursing (ADN);
3. Diploma programs offered by hospitals that take about 3 years to complete

In general, graduation from any of these programs will qualify you to obtain an entry-level position as a staff nurse. While there are hundreds of associate’s and bachelor’s degree programs, there are relatively few diploma programs. Also important to note is that an associate’s may be a great option if you seek a somewhat faster-track into the profession. While a bachelor’s degree may be required to be eligible for promotional opportunities and higher salaries, gaining entry into the field with an associate’s degree means that there is the possibility that you can have your advanced education paid for by the facility in which you work.

View a list of nursing programs in Florida >>

When you complete your nursing education you will be eligible to sit for the national licensing exam.

Licensing Information

As per Willa Fuller of the FNA, “All states generally have the same (education and licensing) requirements. All nurses take the same licensing exam but each must go through their Board of Nursing unless they are in a Multi-State Compact. Florida is not in the compact.”

Upon graduation from an accredited nursing program students must pass a national licensing exam, known as the National Council Licensure Examination, or NCLEX-RN, in order to obtain a nursing license.

NCLEX-RN Exams

The NLEX is a national, standard multiple-choice type examination for entry-level registered nurse candidates. The test was developed by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing. The exam is more application oriented than theoretical with a focus on of those job functions commonly performed by entry-level nurses. The exam tests essential nursing competencies, medical knowledge, and determines candidates’ eligibility to receive an RN license and begin working in the field

Eight-Step process to sit for the NCLEX-RN Exam

1. Before you can take the exam you will need to obtain an Authorization to Test (ATT) letter which will permit you to schedule the test and be admitted to the test site. You can obtain this letter by registering and submitting an application with the Florida Board of Nursing. To being the registration/application process visit https://ww2.doh.state.fl.us/DOHInitialApp/login.aspx. For a quick checklist of what you will need to submit with your application to the Board of Nursing, visit http://www.doh.state.fl.us/mqa/nursing/info_QRCexam.pdf. A detailed list is available once you register with the Florida Board.
2. Once you receive the ATT letter, it will be valid for 90 days from time of issuance.
3. You will also need to present an acceptable form of photo ID when arriving at the testing center:
   1. State-issued driver’s license
   2. Military ID
   3. Passport
4. Once you have received your ATT letter from the State board, you can register for the NCLEX-RN through one of the Person Vue centers.
   1. Locate a testing center in your area.
   2. Register for the exam.
   3. Schedule this exam well in advance of your target date as sits fill up quickly. The fee to take the exam is $200.

As part of your preparation you will want to review the Candidate Bulletin to become with the test structure and content. Visit https://www.ncsbn.org/1213.htm to view either the full bulletin or an abridged version.

Continuing Education Requirements for Nursing License Renewal

Per the Florida Department of Health, Registered Nurses up for renewal of their licenses (on a 2-year cycle), must complete 24 hours of continuing education courses in particular subject areas.  Example subjects include prevention of medical errors, HIV/AIDS, and domestic violence.  There are several web resources that offer continuing education for nurses in an online format.

Salary of Registered Nurses

The following present the earnings of entry-level nurses in select Florida cities

Salary.com June 2011

Alternative Healthcare Careers

Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN): LPNs are primarily responsible for patient care and are generally under the supervision of registered nurses (RNs).  Becoming an LPN typically takes one year of study, after which you will receive a certificate of completion. Once graduating from an accredited training program the prospective LPN will need to pass the NCLEX-PN (Practical Nurse) test before becoming eligible for certification.  For more information on becoming an LPN visit the Web site of the National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN)

Starting as an LPN might be a great idea if you wish to pursue a nursing career since it is very possible that your employer will pay a large part (if not all) of tuition costs toward your RN licensure. There are also some educational programs that offer an LPN-RN study track thereby cutting down the total time it will take to obtain both certifications.

Other career options that are nursing-related careers include certified nursing assistant (CNA), medical assistant, emergency medical technician, and physician assistant. Keep in mind that physician assistants must possess a bachelor’s degree and successfully graduate from a medical program very like that offered in medical schools. Minimum time frame to become a physician assistant is six years. For more information on becoming a physician assistant visit the American Academy of Physician Assistants (AAPA).

View a list of nursing programs in Florida >>

Career Overview

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Pharmacy Technicians receive written or electronic prescription requests from patients and then verify that the information on the prescription is complete and accurate. To prepare the prescription, technicians retrieve, count, pour, weigh, measure, and sometimes mix the medication. Then they prepare the prescription labels, select the type of container, and affix the prescription and auxiliary labels to the container. Once the prescription is filled, technicians price and file the prescription, which must be checked by a pharmacist before it is given to the patient. Technicians may establish and maintain patient profiles, as well as prepare insurance claim forms.

Although the majority of pharmacy technicians work in retail stores, there are also job opportunities available in such other settings as hospitals, nursing homes, assisted-living facilities, pharmaceutical warehouses, mail order pharmacies, research labs, as well as federal agencies (e.g. Food and Drug Administration).

Pharmacy technicians are often detail oriented and excel at customer service and communication.

Career Growth

There is also opportunity for pharmacy technicians to specialize in one area such as chemotherapy or nuclear medicine.  Those with strong performance records in larger-size companies may be promoted into such supervisory roles as Senior Pharmacy Technician, although they will still be under the direct supervision of pharmacists. Another avenue of career growth is for pharmacy technicians to continue their education to become a pharmacist (typically through a five year undergraduate program).

Work Environment. As noted, pharmacy technicians work in a variety of settings. They often have scattered schedules with evenings, weekend and holiday work often required, especially within health care settings, such as hospitals, that are open 24 hours. Physical stamina is important as the work requires standing for long periods, along with the need to lift sometimes heavy boxes of medication and using stepladders to retrieve supplied from higher shelves.

Career Outlook

As the aging of the population continues to grow with new families of drugs being introduced on a fairly regular basis, greater numbers of people are using prescription medication to treat illness and disease. In tandem with this trend, cost-minded health insurance providers are calling upon pharmacists to expand their role into direct patient care and education. Pharmacists, in turn, are relying upon pharmacy technicians to meet the increased demand for medications while maintaining high levels of safety and accuracy. Arising from this, there will continue to be a strong demand for pharmacy technicians.  The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the field of pharmacy technician is expected to increase by 31% from 2008 to 2016, reflecting a much faster rate of growth than the average for all occupations.

Training and Registration Requirements

As per the Florida State Board of Pharmacy (FBP), effective January 1, 2011, any person who wishes to work as a pharmacy technician in the State of Florida must register with the Board of Pharmacy. To register with the Board of Pharmacy, an applicant must submit an application for registration, pay a fee ($105.00 as of January 2012), and provide proof that they completed a board-approved pharmacy technician training program.

• Learn more about the the registration process by reading the document Pharmacy Technician Registration Application and Instructions.
• Browse a list of FBP-approved pharmacy technician programs.
• Read answers to Frequently Asked Questions provided by FBP.

Many training programs will include a clinical component during which students will have the opportunity to work in a pharmacy setting under supervision of Pharmacist.  Programs will cover content such as pharmacy law, confidentiality, pharmaceutical-medical terminology, medication labeling, controlled substances, and ethics.

View a list of pharmacy technician programs in Florida.

Continuing Education Requirements

Per the FBP, registered Pharmacy Technicians are required to obtain a minimum of 12 contact hours of continuing education (CE) of which 2 hours must be via live presentation and 2 hours must be related to the prevention of medication errors and 1 hour must be in HIV/Aids education for the first renewal if they are licensed more than 12 months before the expiration of the license. If they are licensed less than 12 months they are only required to obtain 1 contact hour in the prevention of HIV/Aids.

In order to renew your registration, you must also pay a $55 biennial renewal fee.

You can read more about the renewal process in the document provided by FBP.

Salary for Pharmacy Technicians

Below are the median annual salaries for Pharmacy Technicians-Level 1 (Entry-level) in major metropolitan cities of Florida:

Salary.com, updated May 2011

View a list of pharmacy technician programs in Florida.

Have you always been under the hood of your parent’s car tinkering around? Do you have a curious mind and like to understand how things work? Perhaps you always had an interest in cars and read anything and everything having to do with them.

If any of above sounds familiar, a career as an automotive technician is right up your alley! Not only will you have the opportunity to work with cars all day, but you will also be using some of the most advanced technology on the market. The bonus is that it doesn’t take all that long to get started.

Career Overview

Automotive technicians inspect, repair, and maintain automobiles and trucks that run on gas, diesel fuel, alternative fuels (e.g. ethanol), or electricity. The work of automotive technicians has evolved from performing simple auto mechanics to services that incorporate advanced-level technology, such as integrated electronic and computer systems. As a result, today’s automotive technician must possess knowledge of how these complex systems operate and be able to effectively work with digital equipment and electronic diagnostic tools.

Below is a listing of the common responsibilities of auto mechanics:

• Perform basic car repairs and maintenance, such as oil changes, tire rotations, and brake realignment.
• Use diagnostic tools to identify and troubleshoot problems. For example, if the air conditioner isn’t working the auto technician may evaluate whether there is sufficient coolant or short-circuit in the electrical system.
• Test drive vehicles using hand-held diagnostic computers to determine where any problems may be.
• Follow a check-list to ensure that every part is examined: engines, transmissions, belts, hoses, plugs, brakes, fuel systems, and mufflers.
• Use such power-tools as pneumatic wrenches to remove bolts, welding equipment to repair body parts or exhaust systems, jacks and hoists to examine the engine and other systems; lathes and grinding equipment to repair or rebuilding brake systems, and hand tools, such as screwdrivers, pliers, and hammers, to perform minor repairs.
• Interpret computer read-outs from computer diagnostic tools and compare with manufacturer technical manuals. Any major deviations from manufacturer specifications are cause for further investigation.
• Knowledge of navigation and global positioning systems, along with accident-avoidance systems that are incorporated into many high-end automobiles.
• Knowledge of the science behind alternative fuels, such as ethanol, as well as the mechanics behind electrically-operated vehicles.

Automotive technicians may also choose to specialize in one area:

• Some technicians specialize in the rebuilding of transmissions and hydraulic pumps that requires knowledge of the most advanced computer technology on the market.
• Tune-up technicians use electronic testing equipment to maintain timing belts, and replace spark plugs and other parts to maximize engine performance.
• Brake specialists replace and repair brake pads and braking systems. Some technicians perform both front and back end brakes repairs.

Work Environment

Most auto technicians work in auto repair shops, gas stations, dealerships, service centers, as well as accessories and supplies outlets. Most work a standard 40 hour week, including evenings and weekends. Although many problems can now be diagnosed and repaired with computerized equipment, technicians still frequently work with dirty and greasy parts and remain in awkward positions for extended periods.

Job Prospects

As per the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of auto technicians is expected to grow by about 5 percent from 2008 to 2018.

Education and Training

Most employees consider the successful completion of a vocational training program in automotive technology as the best preparation for a career in this field. Training may be completed on the high school level or by attendance at a vocational school or two year community college program.  The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence evaluates the quality of education offered by automotive technician programs against standards developed by the industry. By attending an accredited program you can be assured that you are receiving training that will be recognized and respected by prospective employers.

High School Preparation

Some of the more extensive high school programs are offered through the Automotive Youth Education Service (AYES), a partnership between high school automotive repair programs, auto manufacturers, and dealerships. All AYES programs are certified by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellent. Coursework includes automotive repair, electronics, chemistry, English, computers, and mathematics.

For a list of accredited AYES High Schools in Florida visit:  http://www.natef.org/certified00.cfm.

Postsecondary Automotive Tech Training

If you have already graduated from high school, you can attend an automotive technician training program, which provides intensive preparation through a combination of classroom instruction in auto repair and maintenance, along with “real-world” experience.  Training may last from 6 months to one year depending on whether the student attends on a full or part time basis. Upon completion, students are awarded a certification of completion. Community colleges award either a certificate or associate’s degree. Associate degree programs typically take 2 years to complete and, aside from automotive training, require coursework in liberal arts studies.

View a list of automotive technician training programs in Florida.

First Job and Next Career Steps

Those new to the field usually start as technician trainees and gradually, over a period of a few months, acquire the skills and experience needed to work on their own. It typically takes between 2-5 years to become a fully qualified service technician able to handle the most complex tasks using advanced technological equipment.  An additional 1 to 2 years may be required to learn advanced skills, such as rebuilding transmissions. Brake specialists may be able to learn their jobs in much less time since they do need to have the same level of advanced technical knowledge.

Dealerships and automotive repair shops may send the most promising beginners or experienced technicians to manufacturer-sponsored technician training programs to update or maintain their skills.

There are several avenues of career growth, especially for certified technicians!  Experienced technicians with managerial ability may be promoted into the position of auto technician supervisor or service manager. Those who work well with customers may become auto service estimators. If you have an entrepreneurial spirit (and sufficient funds!) there is also the option to open your own repair shop. You may also become an instructor within a vocational training program or community college.

Certification

Acquiring National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) Certification has become standard credential for those seeking to work as automotive service technicians. While not mandatory for employment in Florida, obtaining this certification leads to increased employment opportunities, recognition for service excellence, and a higher rate of pay.

Prospective candidates may register to take one of 40 exams administered by ASE. The tests are grouped into such specialties as automobile, medium/heavy truck, school bus, and collision repair. Within automotive services certification is available in several areas, including electrical systems, brake systems, suspension and steering, air conditioning, engine repair.

Upon passing at least one exam and providing evidence of at least 2 years experience as an automotive technician, the candidate becomes ASE Certified. To remain certified, those with the ASE credential must retest once every five years. Testing is administered by paper-and pencil and computer based (CBT) at over 750 locations throughout the country.

For a list of paper and pencil testing locations in Florida, visit: http://locator.ase.com/ppt/locator.php

For a list of CBT testing locations in Florida, visit: http://locator.ase.com/cbt/locator.php

Entry-level Automotive Technician Salaries

Below is a listing of average salaries for entry level auto technicians with less than one year experience in select Florida cities. Your income may vary depending on type of setting in which you work.

View a list of automotive technician training programs in Florida.

Graphic designers combine technology and art to create visual communication messages addressed to select target audiences. The primary tools of a graphic designer are image and typography.

Career Overview

The main responsibility of graphic designers is to visually portray ideas and concepts using color, imaging, layout, type illustration, animation, and various print and layout methods. Graphic designers create a variety of print and electronic communication that include books and book covers, CD/DVD covers, magazine ads, posters, logos for products and services, catalogs, brochures, newsletters and Web sites. An increasing number of graphic designers also work in interactive multimedia.

Specific duties of a graphic designer:

• The first step in developing a design is to identify the needs of the client and the message that is to be conveyed. Graphic designers consider the age, socioeconomic, and cultural factors of the target audience when planning and developing a design.
• Identifying the needs of consumers and market trends is becoming more important as the role of graphic designers is expanding to include campaign strategy.
• Graphic designers prepare sketches—either by hand or with special computer software—to illustrate their design concept. They select the color, artwork, photographs, animation, typography and other elements, such as sound, that will comprise the visual message.
• Designers may also incorporate charts, graphs and other visual aids for use in certain types of publications (e.g. annual reports and brochures).
• Designers also frequently consult with copywriters regarding any text that will accompany the design to ensure consistency between their design and verbal message.
• Designers then present their completed concept to clients (art or creative directors) for approval.
• Designers, who work in publishing and printing firms may also be responsible for selecting the paper and ink to be used in the publication and reviewing mock-ups for any errors before final publication.
• Senior designers may supervise the work of technical assistants who work on certain parts of the design process.
• Those of you who have an entrepreneurial spirit may also wish to start your own graphic design firm. You can elect to focus on a specific industry or become a generalist. Start-up cost is a consideration as you will need to have the most up-to-date computer equipment and design software. You must also have a sufficient nest-egg to live without an income from 3 to 6 months or more as you build a steady client base. Many who start a graphic design business remain in their current job to meet living expenses. Once the business is up and running, you can then devote full-time to it!

Graphic designers may find employment in publishing firms, design firms, advertising agencies, in-house design departments, film, television, along with computer animation and design firms.

Career Outlook for Graphic Designers

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of graphic designers is expected to grow by about 13 percent from 2008 to 2018 which is about as fast as the average for all occupations.

The best job prospects will be for graphic designers with Web site design and animation skills as demand will continue to increase for design projects that incorporate interactive media. Demand will also arise from advertising agencies that create print and Web-based promotional material for products and services. Growth in the field is slowed by the reduced demand for graphic designers within the print publishing industry.

Education and training of Graphic Designers

The American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA), the national organization that represents the field of graphic design, in conjunction with the National Association of Schools of Design of Schools of Design, (NASD) the agency that accredits design programs, have set certain standards with regard to the education and training of graphic designers.

Both organizations maintain that just because a school offers coursework in graphic design does not indicate that it sufficiently prepare students for professional practice. There is a minimum quality standard for practice that can only be obtained through a four-year undergraduate professional program that provides students with a comprehensive education in the field.

The degrees that students will obtain in accredited programs are the Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design or Bachelor of Graphic Design. The majority of coursework (over 65%) in these programs will focus on design-related courses with a minimum of 25% devoted to graphic design. The remainder of the program will include general liberal arts subjects.  This is a specialized rather than generalized degree program and is targeted toward those who are clear in their intention to become graphic designers.

Community colleges also offer courses in graphic design, commercial art, and visual communication. Graduates are awarded an Associates of Arts, Associate of Fine Arts, or Associates in Science degree. Obtaining an associate’s degree in graphic design will open the door for you to take part in this exciting field by participating in diverse projects, from magazine ads to animation and multi-media.

An associate’s degree will enable you to obtain entry-level employment as a design assistant where you will employ technical design skills (e.g. design layouts, prepare graphics for various projects, assist in the production of print and digital mechanicals) rather than participate in concept development and strategy or client presentations. However, these positions offer wonderful learning opportunities and provide a solid foundation for future career advancement.  Keep in mind that you can also transfer into four year programs that will make you eligible to assume a greater diversity of responsibilities with higher salaries

Below is a listing of Florida Graphic Design programs that have been accredited by NASD:

• Florida International University (Miami)
• Florida State University (Tallahassee)
• New World School of Arts (Miami)
• Ringling College of Art & Design (Sarasota)
• University of Florida (Gainesville)
• University of South Florida (Tampa)

Find a school near you in Florida offering a Graphic Design program >>

Skills of Graphic Designers

Essential skills for graphic designers include creativity and problem-solving. You must be able to communicate concepts visually and have an eye for detail. You also need to remain current with new market trends and be able to create designs that reflect these changes. The ability to work independently and meet deadlines is also important so you will need self-discipline, along with the ability to work under pressure.

To obtain your first job, you will also need to have a strong portfolio that highlights your versatility and creativity in coming up with design concepts for diverse campaigns.   Most graphic design programs incorporate real-world projects that will help you to build an impressive portfolio.  You may also be able to participate in internship opportunities to build your portfolio—many of which may lead to full time jobs upon graduation!

Professional Associations for Florida Graphic Designers

The primary association for graphic designers is the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA). There are chapters located throughout Florida as noted below.  The Web site of each chapter lists events, discussions by other members, and job postings. Membership provides a great way to network with other professionals in the field.

• Miami.aiga.org
• Tampa.aiga.org
• Jacksonville.aiga.org
• Orlando.aiga.org

Salary Information for Graphic Designers in Florida

Below is a list of median salary for Graphic Designers in select Florida cities. As with other occupations, your salary will depend on years of experience, level of education, and location. The figures reflect all sectors where graphic designers can expect to find employment.

Find a school near you in Florida offering a Graphic Design program >>

Job Description

Crime Scene Investigators, also known as Forensic Science technicians, examine and interpret physical evidence and attempt to reconstruct the sequence of events at a crime scene. Physical evidence may be in the form of a weapon, blood splatter, substances, clothing or other material, as well as fingerprints and footprints. CSIs evaluate this evidence in their attempt to establish a causal chain between the suspect and the victim.  Proper collection procedures must be used to ensure that the evidence does not become tainted. Clothing such as masks, gloves, and boots must be worn when handling evidence to prevent contamination and damage to evidence.

Once the evidence is transferred to a laboratory setting, forensic science laboratory technicians perform different tests depending on the type of evidence collected. CSIs are often called upon to present their findings in court cases.

Typical responsibilities of CSIs include:

• Collect and evaluate physical evidence found at a crime scene
• Consults with laboratory personnel such as medical, chemical and metallurgical experts, fingerprinting and ballistic examiners, graphologists, and document reviewers to interpret collected evidence and linking to suspected persons.
• Reconstructs the scene of the crime in an attempt to establish a relationship among pieces of evidence.
• Collect and transport evidence to the laboratory for further analysis
• Uses laboratory equipment to evaluate tissue specimens, chemical substances, as well as physical and ballistic evidence.
• Participating in meetings and conferences with other members of the investigation team (e.g. fingerprint and DNA experts)
• Prepares reports of investigative methodology, laboratory procedures, and findings.
• May serve as an expert witness regarding evidence during trials and pre-trial hearings.

According to Mike Byrd of the Miami-Dade Police Department, there can be some variation in duties between departments and agencies in different regions of the state. For example, if you reside in a large metropolitan area which consistently ranks in the Top 10 nationally in the frequency of violent crimes, the evidence and collection processes may constitute the bulk of responsibilities. However, a geographic location with a much smaller incidence of crime might call for a broader range of job skills such as lab testing, fingerprint analysis, etc.

Work Environment

CSIs work wherever a crime has been committed, whether indoor or outdoor day or night. Their schedule is erratic with 24/7 on-call duty. The work involves frequent exposure to blood and other physical trauma, with death a frequent outcome of the violence.  You will also be in frequent contact with infectious agents, noxious fumes, and foul odors. Arising from this, CSIs must wear protective clothing such as masks, gloves, and boots when in direct contact with bodily secretions to prevent their spread.  Lab settings are usually well-lit and clean and CSIs usually have a desk and computer on which to work.

Educational Requirements

According to Mr. Byrd, those who wish to work as a CSI or Forensic Technician will need a minimum of a High School Diploma or GED, with an Associate in Science degree preferred. Certificate programs are also available and consist of about 14 courses including the natural sciences, criminal justice, crime scene investigation methods, and forensic anthropology (e.g. bone structure).  Mr. Byrd suggests that any academic coursework in forensics or science be augmented with such course as computers, drafting, and photography.

The Forensic Educational Programs Accreditation Commission (FEBAC) established by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences ensures that both undergraduate and graduate forensic programs adhere to minimum standards regarding academic excellence.  Students interested in pursuing a career in forensic science are encouraged to enroll in an accredited program.

View a list of schools in Florida offering CSI programs.

Additional Requirements

In addition to education, the basic requirements to become a CSI include:

• the ability to pass a thorough background check
• a valid Florida driver’s license
• ability to operate video or camera equipment
• good verbal and written communication skills
• computer proficiency

Frank Shonberger of the Florida Chapter of the International Association for Identification also states that while some agencies and departments will require that you be a Sworn Police Officer before becoming a CSI, most do not. According to Mr. Shonberger, both Sworn Officers and civilians may apply for most vacancies and civilian employees do not need to possess a firearm permit.

Because of the disparity that may exist with regard to CSI job duties, both Mr. Byrd and Mr. Shonberger advise that those interested in becoming a CSI contact the department or agencies where you reside or will be residing to determine their specific requirements and duties.  A good place to start this research would be the regional operations centers of the Florida Department of Law Enforcement.

This is a career that will involve a significant amount of on-the-job training.  Such on-the-job training will teach crime scene investigation methodology, software programs, lab analysis, and forensic databases related to the type of crime they are investigating.

Certification

The International Association for Identification (IAI) awards voluntary certification for CSIs.

There are three levels of certification offered by the IAI for CSIs. Level I is the Entry Level Certified Crime Scene Investigator (CSI) and requires a minimum of one year experience in the field along with satisfactory completion of 48 hours of crime scene training.

While certification is not a requirement for employment, joining the IAI confers several benefits:

• The IAI hosts an annual educational conference that offers workshops, seminars, and lectures that serve to provide current information and trends regarding investigatory methods, new technologies, and advances in forensic science all of which may be applied toward Level I certification.
• Membership provides you with the opportunity to network with industry professional not only within Florida, but across the country.
• The FDIAI also has an active job board. Dues to become a member of the Florida Division are $35. plus a first year only non-refundable fee of $5.

Career Outlook

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment for forensic technicians is expected to increase by about 20 percent through 2016 which is much faster than the rate for all occupations. Growth in jobs within federal, as well as state and local governments is due to the development of state-of-the-art forensic techniques, such as DNA analysis to evaluate evidence and solve crimes.

The majority of employment opportunities for forensic technicians may be found in the Orlando, Tampa and West Palm Beach Areas.  Relative to population size, most forensic technician jobs are found in the Lakeland, West Palm Beach, and Cape Coral areas. In contrast, there are relatively fewer jobs in the Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Tampa areas relative to population size.

Salary Information

As per Salary.com, the metropolitan areas with the highest median salaries for Forensic Technicians are Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Tampa. (Numbers as of 2008).

One of the fastest ways to get into a medical career, without a lot of schooling, is by becoming an ultrasound technician. These professionals provide evidence to a doctor of what is inside a person’s body using images and measurements, so that the doctor can examine it and make a diagnosis.

Ultrasound Technician Job Description

Ultrasound technicians, also sometimes called diagnostic medical sonographers, use high powered equipment to send different forms of sound waves through a person’s body in order to create an echo image for diagnostic purposes.

Unlike traditional x-rays and imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans, ultrasound does not use ionizing or radiation waves, so it is not deemed to be dangerous and, for that reason, is commonly used to view fetuses during pregnancy.

Although ultrasound technicians may be trained at reading the images they create, they are not typically allowed to make a diagnosis themselves, but simply provide the images for the doctor. Even when patients have questions, ultrasound technicians must be skilled at communicating in order to make their patients feel at ease so the images come out clearly, but without communicating anything that would make a patient jump to conclusions about a diagnosis.

Ultrasound techs can work in hospitals, including in emergency rooms, or they can work in clinical settings or outpatient care centers, examining a patient after a surgery for instance, or they can work in specialized offices such as a gynecologist’s office, or a children’s clinic.

Salary of an Ultrasound Technician

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, ultrasound technicians in Florida earn an average of $26.94 per hour or $56,030 per year. The area of Cape-Coral and Fort Myers, is one of the areas in the country with the highest concentration of jobs for ultrasound technicians, and as a result, salaries are higher in the area. The average salary there is $31.28 per hour or $65,070 per year. The jobs everywhere, however, are expected to increase.

Requirements for Becoming an Ultrasound Technician

At a minimum, you will need to earn a diploma in Ultrasound Technology / Diagnostic Medical Sonography from a reputable school in order to enter this career.  View a list of schools in Florida offering ultrasound technology programs.

The American Institute College of Health Professions offers a diploma and degree program in Ultrasound Technology. For the Bachelor’s degree, you must be able to transfer in 90 quarter credits of general education. Then, you would earn an additional 95 quarter credits in about 18 months.  According to the school’s catalog, tuition cost is between $32,000 for an Associates, and $33,400 for the Bachelors.

A two-year, or 90 week associate degree at the Institute of Allied Medical Professions includes some general education, but curriculum is general and includes instruction for examining different body parts and different patients, such as children as opposed to only adults. Students also have to take 1530 hours of clinical training within an approved clinical education center, in order to get workplace training.

In addition to education, many employers would be more likely to hire someone who has a form of national certification. The tuition at the American Institute College of Health Professions includes the cost of taking one of the registry tests.

The most common certification is provided by The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) who certifies each person who passes a six-section exam testing basic physical principles and instrumentation knowledge as a Registered Diagnostic Medical Sonographer (RDMS). If you wish you to specialize in a certain area of the body, the credential is provided for different areas, but you must pass the specialization test within five years of getting the RDMS certificate.

Employers, especially in hospitals or large clinics, also want to hire someone who has a Basic Life Support for healthcare providers certification from the American Heart Association. The course can be taken online or you can find a 4 and 1/2 hour class near you.

View a list of schools in Florida offering ultrasound technology programs.

You may be attracted to a career in criminal justice because it sounds exciting to track down criminals.Or you might be a curious person who always wants to solve a good mystery. If you also happen to have a knack for critical thinking, becoming a criminal investigator is right up your alley.

But enrolling in a criminal justice program can open up career opportunities above and beyond criminal investigator. For example, an emerging focus within criminal justice is computer crimes. With this focus, you would be working to track down hackers who commit identity theft, those that start viruses, or simply using your computer forensics knowledge in order to find evidence against white-collar criminals.  By choosing a minor or a concentration within a criminal justice program, you will give yourself a better chance to get the job you want.

Many programs can set you up for entry-level jobs as security guards, crime scene investigators, law enforcement officers, corrections officers or wardens at a corrections facility, or private investigators. Some programs will also let you work toward working in crime mapping or as crime victim’s advocates.

A Bachelors or Associates degree will get you the farthest when applying for those jobs. Diplomas or certificates are best for those who are looking to supplement a different degree for a job they already have. For instance a victim’s advocate may already have a Bachelors degree in social work, but may want to learn about criminal justice in order to get a better understanding of the legal system to better help the victims.

What can you learn?

If you enroll in a criminal justice program you can count on learning some basics about criminal law, the court systems, and report writing. Other topics can include crime scene analysis, applied statistics, evidence handling, and liability and ethics. The depth to which you will go into those subjects will depend on whether you go for a certificate program, an Associates or a Bachelors degree, or a graduate program. If you decide to pursue a Bachelors degree, be prepared to also take general education courses in the beginning such as science, reading and math classes.

Length and cost of programs

Lengths of time vary, and therefore the cost of your program will also vary depending on whether you have credits to transfer in or based on how much time it takes you to complete a program. Here is a sampling of estimates.

An Associates degree at Keiser University will require 60 semester credits. Each semester credit is equivalent to 15 clock hours of classroom time, so the Associates degree of 60 semester credits equates to 900 clock hours of classroom time.

At City College, their Associates degree requires 90 quarter credits, which sounds like more, but actually also equates to 900 clock hours of classroom time because each clock hour equates to 10 clock hours of classroom time. The Associates at City College is usually completed in six quarter-terms, each of which is just about 3 months.

South West Florida College only mentions online that their criminal justice Associates degree takes eight quarters to complete.

A Bachelors degree at American Intercontinental University will need 180 quarter credits, which usually takes about 36 months, or 12 quarters, each of which is 10 weeks long.

A Masters degree at Keiser University requires 36 graduate semester credits. Graduate credits are equated the same way as undergraduate credits, but will require about twice as much study time outside of class.

To get an idea of the cost, you can compare to the cost at City College where each credit hour is priced at $255, which means that their Associates degree program would cost $22,950. A Bachelor’s degree program at AIU costs about $60,660.  (Please note that these costs are as of September 2010 and may have since changed.)

Eligibility

All schools will want to see a high school diploma or General Equivalency Diploma (GED). After that, some will have you take a test at their school to determine that you are indeed ready to take college level courses at their school. Those tests usually are in reading or writing, and some may also include a math portion. An additional step some schools take to select their students is to set up an interview in which they will look for the student’s commitment to the program, their support system, and their probability for success. In some of those steps, they may look at past grades.

At American Intercontinental University, to get into a graduate program, you must have averaged a 2.0 grade point average when you earned your Bachelors degree, so it would be a good idea to have transcripts ready. They will also be needed if you plan to try to transfer previous college credits.

Florida has many schools and campuses offering criminal justice programs.  Use our directory of Florida Criminal Justice schools to find the right program for your needs.